Rabies | Rabies vaccine side effects

Img: Rabies 

Rabies is caused by Lisa viruses in the RAB device family lisa viruses are usually confined to one major reservoir species in a given geographic area although spillover to other species is common to date there are over 15 different Lisa viruses that have been described globally rabies virus is the most important member of the genus rabies is an acute progressive viral encephalitis that principally affects carnivores and bats.

Although any mammal can be affected around the world the dog is the most significant reservoir of this virus particularly in developing countries generally the name of the mammalian species acting as a reservoir and vector is used to describe the type of rabies from an epidemiologica standpoint accordingly rabies maintained by dog to dog transmission is termed canine rabies and rabies and a dog originating from another mammal such as a skunk will be referred to as skunk.

 

Rabies in a dog usually saliva is infectious at the time clinical signs occur but domestic dogs cats and ferrets may shed virus for several days before onset of clinical signs skunks have been reported to shed virus up to eight days before onset of science the incubation period can be both prolonged and variable virus often remains at the inoculation site for a considerable time explaining the efficacy of post exposure prophylaxis by local infiltration of rabies immune globulin most rabies cases and dogs develop within 3 to 12 weeks.

But in one reported human case of rabies the incubation time exceeded eight years focusing first on rabies in North America virus variants in red and arctic foxes are commonly associated with disease in Canada and Alaska raccoons serve as the main vector along the east coast and gray foxes commonly served as role in the southwest.

Most recent human cases of rabies in the US have been associated with bat rabies and bat rabies is distributed throughout the Americas there are three babies virus variants in skunks in the US however in bat each variant is associated with a particular bat species cats are the most common species to suffer from rabies in the US and People have developed rabies following cat bites.

However cats don't seem to be vectors and no cat has ever been reported to transmit rabies to another cat in the last 30 years raccoons have become a vector of great significance canine rabies exists in Mexico with the potential to spread northward the vampire bat is an important reservoir in Latin America and has been associated with rabies and cattle insectivorous.

 

Bats are important vectors of rabies throughout Europe in Western Europe red fox rabies was eliminated by oral vaccinations in Eastern Europe rabies occurs raccoon dogs and in northern Europe in wolves wildlife serving as reservoirs in other parts of the world include the Mongoose in the Caribbean southern Africa in parts of Asia jackals in Africa marmosets in Brazil and ferret badgers in China rodents and lagomorphs rarely constitute a risk of exposure to rabies virus regardless of species the disease is fatal once clinical signs appear during the prodromal period which can last up to three days animals show only vague clinical science the disease progresses rapidly after the onset of paralysis and death is virtually certain a few days.

Rabies vaccine side effect

There are the common side effect of rabies vaccine.

• There is pain, swelling, itching, or redness at injection site reactions,
• having headache,
• dizziness,
• Having high fever,
• muscle pain,
• nausea, or stomach pain.

Rabies vaccine

Rabies virus vaccines are currently marketed in the US after an initial series of two vaccines one year apart recommended vaccination frequency is every three years because of the increasing importance of rabies and cats vaccination of cats is now highly recommended oral vaccines have only been approved for use in wildlife for people in high-risk groups such as veterinarians.

veterinary technicians animal control officers diagnostic laboratory workers and possibly travelers working in countries which canine rabies is enzootic pre-exposure vaccinations with a cell culture based.

Rabies vaccine is recommended even if vaccinated if exposed to a rabid animal supplementation with a regimen of two doses of vaccine on day zero and three post exposure is recommended. However if an see a person is bitten by a rabid animal recommend dated treatment consists of wound care infiltration of rabies immune globulin and vaccine administration on days zero three seven and fourteen post-exposure timely post exposure prophylaxis virtually.

Asher's human survival the preventative vaccination approach represents a one health approach to Disease Control leading to simultaneously better health outcomes for animal and humankind as prevention and common vector species is crucial you campaigns and by continuing vaccination of young dogs stray dog control and euthanasia of unvaccinated dogs with low levels of dependency on or restriction by people and dog registration many effective vaccines such as modified live virus recombinant and inactivated types are available worldwide no modified live.

Across the world there are about 60,000 deaths per year from rabies. But there's only one to three per year in the US now why is that well in many developing countries like India which has 25,000 to 30,000 reported cases a year dogs are not routinely vaccinated and rabid dogs bite people and that's where you get the most cases in the u.s. We vaccinate dogs against rabies and that knocks out a huge source of infection. The  most important prevention method is to avoid all of those but failing that there's something else, that's really important to know about.

 Rabies has that long incubation period well it turns out that if we intervene the incubation period we can actually prevent the disease so if we think someone has been exposed and might be incubating we begin an intensive protocol which we call post exposure prophylaxis and I'll tell you exactly what that protocol is but first what exactly qualifies as an exposureit's a provoked bite that's not an exposure, if you're bitten by a feral dog in India

 If you have an exposure like I described to a bat or any other potentially rabid animal you can still avoid getting post exposure prophylaxis. If you're able to somehow collect the animal and get it tested or observe it and show that it doesn't have rabies but barring that you need post exposure prophylaxis.

So what is it well it's the following first wound cleansing where the wound is the bite second four doses of rabies vaccine the first one immediately and the next ones in the following days.

 

Although you need fewer if the person's been previously vaccinated and the idea here is to give a big boost to the person's immune system while the rabies virus is incubating and third you're gonna give rabies immune globulin administered around the wound and also intramuscularly now if you don't know where the bite is you still give the immune globulin. But make sure you don't give it in the same spot as the vaccine because you want to avoid all of the immunoglobulin binding to and deactivating the vaccine.

Locally now you can skip this whole step if the person has previously been vaccinated against rabies. Now this is pretty complex but rabies is so serious that most places have 24-hour rabies hotlines that you can call to guide you through this whole process.

So that's post exposure prophylaxis and it's very effective almost a hundred percent so that's the really good news about rabies now you might have gotten a little confused when I said rabies vaccine because you might be wondering why don't we just give everybody the rabies vaccine.

Since rabies is so deadly and the answer is we don't because one it's expensive to it requires a lot of shots and the logistics are difficult and three since only one to three people get it in the u.s. each year it's not worth it we only recommend the vaccine for vets and other professions with a high chance of exposure.